September 10, 2024

Short Action vs. Long Action: Rifle Cartridge Lengths

When choosing a rifle, one of the key factors to consider is whether to go with a short-action or long-action design. These terms refer to the length of the cartridge the rifle can accommodate, impacting various aspects of the rifle. While the differences may seem small individually, they collectively influence the rifle's performance and suitability for specific uses. This guide breaks down the key differences between short and long actions, helping you determine which option best fits your needs, from hunting to precision shooting.

Short Action vs. Long Action: Key Differences

Action Length

Short action rifles are typically lighter and slightly more compact. Long-action rifles can accommodate bigger cartridges, and tend to end up being heavier rifles to maintain shootability. With modern precision rifles, shooters can choose the cartridge and action length that suits their needs.

Cartridge Compatibility

Some common calibers include:

Short Action Cartridges

223
6mm Creedmoor
243 Winchester
6.5 Creedmoor
6.5 PRC
300 WSM
7mm Saum

Long Action Cartridges

7mm PRC
7mm Remington Magnum
300 PRC
30-06
300 Win Mag

Magazine Capacity

Short action AICS magazines feature a double-stack, single-feed design, resulting in staggered ammunition within the magazine. This design allows for shorter magazines which make rifles more compact. Conversely, long action magazines employ a single-stack, single-feed design, resulting in longer magazines that generally accommodate fewer rounds. Short action magazines typically offer a capacity range of 3 to 12 rounds, whereas long action AICS magazines typically hold between 3 and 5 rounds.

Bolt Throw and Cycling

One key difference between short and long actions is the bolt travel distance. In a short-action rifle, the bolt travels a shorter distance when cycling. This offers shooter quicker follow up shots than a long action offers.

Advantages of Short Action

Your choice of action length depends on the use case. Some benefits of choosing shorter actions include:

Lighter, more compact rifles: A short-action rifle can weigh several ounces less and be slightly shorter than a long-action rifle. Short-action cartridges utilize faster-burning powder, potentially resulting in shorter barrel lengths. For instance, the 6MM Creedmoor typically utilizes H4350, whereas the 300 PRC uses Retumbo. The burn rate of these powders may necessitate a longer barrel for complete powder combustion, particularly in the case of the 300 PRC. For regular shooters or those seeking a competitive advantage, reduced weight and length can significantly impact performance. Some individuals prefer a more compact rifle, which points them to short action cartridges, while others prefer faster bullet speeds, which makes them favor the long action.
Improved balance and feel: A combination of shorter barrels and quicker follow up shots makes short action rifles preferable for some shooters. Short barrels tend to balance well with suppressors which are becoming widely popular. The shorter bolt travel offered by a smaller action allows for a faster follow up. Small calibers also usually have less recoil, and these factors combine to offer a better shooting cadence. This may be more important than raw power in many shooting scenarios.

Advantages of Long Action

For many reasons, long action rifles also have their fans:

Greater cartridge versatility: Longer actions can accommodate bigger cartridges, which can offer more power at extended distances. This can be particularly important for hunters. A target shooter may be happy to sacrifice some power for a better ergonomic experience and a marginal improvement in accuracy. However, in scenarios where very small variances in accuracy don't count, the extra power of a large cartridge and good rifle chassis can be a selling point.
Increased powder capacity: More powder equates to more energy, letting the bullet travel at a higher velocity and have better terminal performance. This is why many long range hunters tend to lean towards long action rifles.

Increased bullet weight: Long action cartridges powder column allows shooters to also increase bullet weight. This allows shooters to utilize high BC bullets and extend their effective range while shooting animals or targets.

Choosing the Right Action for You

Identify your main purpose: Consider when and where you're most likely to be using the rifle and what performance factors matter most for you. For hunting or long range uses, long action cartridges might be the best option. A short action could be a better choice for target shooting or shorter range hunting.
Prioritize the desired cartridge: In addition to the properties of the rifle, also consider the properties of the cartridge you need. Start with the cartridge you need and then choose the action length to fit that cartridge.
Balance weight and maneuverability: Your comfort matters. If you're going to be carrying your rifle across long distances or difficult terrain ensure you're happy with the length and weight. Poor ergonomics can greatly decrease your accuracy and comfort so build a rifle that fits you well.
Consider comfort and recoil: After deciding on the caliber you'll be using, consider the recoil levels each action would offer. If you're sensitive to recoil, a long action cartridge could have a negative effect on your shooting ability.

XLR Industries — Action Options and Expertise

At XLR Industries, we offer a variety of short- and long-action rifle chassis platforms and rifle accessories. Our chassis systems can help you increase your accuracy and comfort.

If you're not sure which action would best suit your needs, our team is happy to discuss your use cases and offer recommendations.

Choosing a rifle is a matter of personal preference. With modern rifles, the pros and cons of either action length are very minimal.

If you're ready to find the perfect XLR rifle chassis with the right action fit for you, contact our expert team today and let us help you build your dream rifle.